It’s extremely rare that you can look at a nation that’s teetering on the verge of outright anarchy, whose infrastructure is in utter disarray, whose economy is in the toilet and whose people in despair and point to a single person as, if not the singular cause, at least the person who put the wheels of destruction in motion. When you look at the United States under Bush, you realize that Bush himself was not the sole motivator of the mess the Republicans are now doing their best to prevent President Obama from cleaning up but simply the facilitator. Behind him was a veritable cabal of venal bastards working late into the night to line the pockets of the rich and incorporate at the expense of nation. Cheney, Rumsfeld, Rove, LeMay, Wolfowitz, et al. Iraq is a different story.
Prior to the invasion, Iraq had a constitutional government since 1922, and its current Constitution was adopted in 1970, a full nine years before Saddam Hussein seized power. This constitution guarenteed freedom of religion, expression and association as well as equality before the law regardless of gender, religous affiliation, social status, etc. It also guaranteed free education up to and including a university education. It also guaranteed free access to all medical care. And it simply didn’t guarantee these things - it delivered them, even under the rule of Saddam. Before the first Gulf War in 1991, Iraq as a nation was ranked 15th out of 130 countries on the United Nations Human Development Index which stated that this was “a reflection of the Government’s continued investment in basic social services.” At that time, Iraq had the highest number of college-educated citizens in the entire Middle East. The World Health Organization noted that health care reached approximately 97% of the urban population and 78% of the rural population and also that 90% of its citizens had access to safe drinking water. Even after the depredations of 12 years of economic sanctions, even with a brutal tyrant as its head of state, Iraq was still managing to run its internal affairs in as much a business-as-usual manner as the sanctions would allow. This was pretty much entirely due to the fact that the various non-military agencies and government departments were being run by highly educated and experienced people.
Then came the war. Saddam was ousted - a good thing - and in came the US ProConsul, Paul Bremer, and everything went to hell in a handbag.
Bremer essentially overturned the existing government infrastructure and began restructuring the Iraqi economy, courts and constitution in a manner intended to turn Iraq into a market economy for the benefit of US corporations as soon as possible. To this end, Bremer began issuing Orders like someone who knew what they were doing.
Order #1, issued May 16th of 2003, required the “de-Ba’athification of Iraqi society.” All members of the Ba’ath party in the upper three levels of government institutions and corporations were immediately pink-slipped. Ostensibly, this was to purge all infulence of the Ba’ath party from government infrastrcture, sweeping away (they thought) Saddam party loyalists. Not once, its seems, did Bremer ever consider that membership in the Ba’ath party was mandatory in order to hold any position of authority in government or the civil service, in much the same way that membership in the Communist party was mandatory in order to hold similar positions in the old Soviet Union.
So, with the stroke of a pen, over 120,000 Iraqi civil servants, engineers, doctors, scientists, university professors, etceteras, were all removed from their positions - the very people who, by dint of their education and experience, were the ones who had previously been keeping the nation and its various institutions running.
After things fell all to hell, Bremer issued CPA Memorandum #8 which mandated a case-by-case review of those former job holders who wished to return to their positions, but the process was stymied by political nepotism and by that time, most of the people who had been fired had left the country to find work elsewhere. These included Iraq’s nuclear scientists, many of whom are now working for the very nations we really don’t want creating a viable nuclear program.
Order #2, issued May 23, 2003, dissolved the entire Iraqi army, including its intelligence services. This numbered almost half a million men who were now out of work, with no way to support their families, and all trained and armed. Lord knows how many joined the fledgling insurgency. The deputy Iraqi ambassador to the UN, Faisal al-Istrabadi, put it succinctly:
“I don’t understand why you took 400,000 men who are highly armed and trained and turn them into your enemies.”
Why indeed? The thing is that this wasn’t in the original game plan which had called for only around 9000 senior officers plus the Special Forces to be de-BA’athed. Bremer apparently took it upon himself to throw the entire army out into the street. When you consider the number of dependents involved, essentially Order #2 created 2.4 million enemies in a single day.
Order #12, issued June 7, 2003, created a “Trade Liberalization Policy.” At least that’s what Bremer called it. I call it “Iraq is Now Our Bitch Policy.” This order, in its own words, suspended “all tariffs, customs duties, import taxes, licensing fees and similar surcharges for goods entering or leaving Iraq.” Essentially all protective barriers designed to shield domestically produced goods, including food, were torn down overnight, leaving Iraqi business to compete with cheap (or not-so-cheap) foreign imports.
This was particularly devastating to Iraqi farmers. Although Iraq hasn’t been self-sufficient in food production since the ’50’s, Iraqi farmers had a competitive leg-up due to the government subsidizing agriculture. Crucial articles such as seeds and fertilizer, farm machinery, etc, was subsidized often at up to one fourth the open market price. The government had also leased land to farmers, if you’ll excuse the pun, dirt cheap, often as low as one cent per six-tenths of an acre for a year. The government also ran a guaranteed food program that included monthly family packages of flour, sugar, etc.
No more, Jack. The Bremer regime considered subsidized farming “all wrong.” If you merely educated the farmers (who have been farming this region for untold generations) and provided them with the technology, “the market will take care of the rest.”
Well, when cheap, untaxed goods start to flood the market and local farmers can’t compete and start going under, you might notice two things. First, since they’re having a hard time making a living since the only way they can compete with the cheaper goods is to undercut them in price, they can’t afford the technology they’re being offered at regular market price. And when people can’t afford to buy, especially with unemployment at an historic high and prices of certain commodities much higher than pre-invasion, the sacred free market pretty much falls to hell and is replaced by an underground economy.
Order #17, revised on June 27, 2004, is nothing short of hideous. Essentially, this grants full immunity from prosecution in an Iraqi court of law to all members of the Coalition forces and all foreign contractors including scum like Blackwater. This order basically declared open season on Iraqi citizens - military forces and private security companies could literally commit murder and have done so. Contractors could pollute and do third-rate work that would never pass muster in their home countries. Oh, but if any Iraqi has a legitimate grievance, they can always seek justice in the courts of the offending person’s nationality.
Right … that’ll happen. Ask any North American Indian what it’s like to use the white man’s legal system to prove that the lands he stole from you don’t belong to him. Adam Price, a British MP put it another way:
“How is anyone in Iraq expected to bring a case in the British courts? It is taking the idea of diplomatic immunity and applying it to 130,000 troops. There is a danger that you are actually going from immunity to being able to act with impunity.”
That’s exactly what it was and still is to this day because Bremer specifically excluded Order 17 from being rescinded by Iraqi PM Iyad Allawi when power was supposedly handed over to an equally supposedly democratically elected government.
Order #37, issued Sept. 19, 2003, completed ammended Iraqs’ previous tax code. Prior to the invasion, corporate tax could be as high as 40%. With Order 37, this dropped to 15%. In fact, it created a flat tax of 15% that was applied across the board. The guy who buses tables at the Baghdad Holiday Inn pays exactly the same rate as the Prime Minister. The Yanks couldn’t get away with this in their own country so they decided to inflict it on Iraq.
Order #39, issued Sept. 19, 2003, mandated the privatization of all formerly nationally owned businesses, together with 100% foreign ownership of said businesses with no preferential treatment of domestic businesses over foreign ones. It also provided for unrestricted, tax-free remittance of all profits and other funds. It further mandated 40-year leasing periods and the right to move legal disputes out of Iraqi jurisdiction and into international tribunes. Basically, this order created a corporate tax haven and, for all intents and purposes, relegated Iraq to the status of the Caymans and Sechelles. It created a back door to the whore house Bremer was constructing; a veritable free-market capitalist’s wet dream.
Although this order specifically excluded oil extraction and processing from privatization, it does allow for the privatization of things formerly guaranteed by the Iraqi constitution prior to the invasion, specifically Articles 11, 27 and 33 which guarantee maternal, child and medical care and free education. Problem is that violating these articles is specifically forbidden under the Hague Reulations. Fortunately for Iraqis, the Bush administration was a staunch believer in upholding international agreements to which they’d previously been signatories…
And of course, Bremer himself, apparently a fan of irony, had gone on record in November of 2001 as stating “Privatization of basic services, for example, almost always lead to price increases for those services which in turn often lead to protests or even physical violence against the operator.” Or, Paul, its nearest surrogate or enabler, in this case, the US and Coalition forces.
Order #40, issued Sept. 19, 2003, and then amended to Order #94 (June 6, 2004) essentially created a whore house of the Iraqi banking system by spreading its knees to foreign ownership. Under Order 40, the percentage of an Iraqi bank and the number of banks that could be owned by foreign institutions was limited to 50% and 6. No more. Now it became 100%. Nor could the Iraqi government require a certain number of financial institutions be owned by Iraqis. Consumer protection such as exists in the US through legislation such as the Truth in Lending Act, or the Community Reinvestment Act are totally lacking. As a result, individuals and small businesses are getting screwed on loans - if they get them at all.
Order #62, issued Feb. 26, 2004, restricts Iraqis from running for public office locally, regionally or nationally, without first receiving the CPA’s imprimatur. This stamp of approval could be withheld if, for instance, one had publicly opposed the occupation. This order was rescinded prior to the handover of power to the newly elected government, presumably because Bremer didn’t want such authority to be transferred to the new Prime Minister.
And so on and so on. We won’t even go into Order #14 that defined “prohibited media activity” which essentially meant that any TV or radio station or any newspaper that had the temerity to criticize the occupation or the utterly corrupt and incompetent reconstruction would find its doors padlocked and, more often than not, their offices trashed. Or that 40% of Iraq’s professional class have fled the country, including on third of all its doctors,(or that since 2003, over 2000 doctors have been murdered) or that 1.6 million citizens have been displaced within Iraq or that 1.8 million have bugged out entirely, or that school attendance has dropped from its pre-invasion figure of almost 100% to 30%. We’ll just gloss over the fact that the over 620,000 who got sacked as a direct result of Orders 1 and 2 were receiving a CPA mandated “half-pay” at a time when other orders were causing inflation to rise at unprecedented rates (over 36% shortly after Bremer started issuing his encyclicals) and that any form of government-run safety net had been summarily terminated. Or that unemployment, depending on the industry in question, was running at between 50 and 70%. Or that in the capital city itself, electricity was only available for around three hours a day.
The CPA consisted of around 800 people, 17 of which actually spoke Arabic and only one of whom could have been considered an expert on Iraq, (hint: it wasn’t Bremer) all living in total isolation from the rest of the country, and apparently allowed by the Bush administration to run amok, issuing orders that totally destroyed a workable constitution and an entirely functional government infrastructure, created enemies of over 400,000 armed men and drove out almost every citizen with an education above a GED. Paul Bremer, more than anyone else (apart from Bush and the sleazy cabal that lied the nation into this utterly unnecessary war and totally incompetently run occupation) created the Iraq we see today, along with the suffering, death and deprivation inflicted on its citizens. I would even go so far as to say that his incompetence is responsible for a large portion of the US’s combat deaths and casualties.
So, naturally, President Bush bestowed upon him the Medal of Freedom.
Kind of wonder where the previous administration’s priorities lay, doesn’t it.
Or maybe not so much…